Refugees in the European Union: From Emergency Alarmism to Common Management

Authors

  • Daniele Archibugi Istituto di Ricerca sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
  • Marco Cellini Istituto di Ricerca sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
  • Mattia Vitiello Istituto di Ricerca sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14600/irpps_wps.113.2019

Keywords:

Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Dublin System, European Refugees Crisis, European Asylum Policies

Abstract

The refugees’ flows have alighted the European political debate boosting nationalistic forces in almost all countries. The aim of this paper is to show that the actual number of asylum seekers does not really allow to talk about a ‘refugee crisis’. It argues, however, that the current European Union institutions and procedures are highly insufficient to manage successfully refugees’ inflows and asylum requests. A European foreign policy could have helped to prevent refugees’ inflows from war-thorn areas such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Eritrea, Libya and Syria. Once the problem is there, the procedures centred on the Dublin Convention are inadequate and the paper provides a few radical suggestions that are made for an EU-centred refugees and asylum seekers management and policy.

References

Accorinti, M., Pugliese E., and Vitiello M. (2019). “Le Politiche Migratorie in un Ambiente Ostile.†Rivista delle Politiche Sociali, 2.

AIDA (2018). “Mapping Asylum Procedures, Reception Conditions, Detention and Content of Protection in Europe.†Asylum Information Database [online]. Available at: http://www.asylumineurope.org/.

Amnesty International (2018). “The States of the World’s Human Rights.†Amnesty International [online]. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1067002018ENGLISH.PDF.

Archibugi, D. (2008). “The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy.†Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Archibugi, D., and Benli A. E. editors. (2017). “Claiming Citizenship Rights in Europe: Emerging Challenges and Political Agents.†London: Routledge.

Barutciski, M., and Suhrke A.(2001). “Lessons from the Kosovo Refugee Crisis: Innovations in Protection and Burdenâ€Sharing.†Journal of Refugee Studies, 14(2): 95-115. Doi:10.1057/97814039141495.

Bauböck, R. (2018a). “Europe’s Commitments and Failures in the Refugee Crisis.†European Political Science, 17(1): 140-150.

Bauböck, R. (2018b). “Refugee Protection and Burdenâ€Sharing in the European Union.†Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1): 141-156. Doi: 10.1111/jcms.12638.

Becker, U. (2019). “EU Asylum System – Elements, Failure and Reform Prospects.†In Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU, edited by E. Wacker, U. Becker and K. Crepaz, 37-68. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

Benhabib, S. (2005). “On the Alleged Conflict Between Democracy and International Law.†Ethics & International Affairs, 19(1): 85-100. Doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00491.x.

Bojadžijev, M., and Mezzadra S. (2015). "’Refugee Crisis’ or Crisis of European Migration Policies?†FocaalBlog series on migration and the refugee crisis [online], 12. Available at: https://www.focaalblog.com/2015/11/12/manuela-bojadzijev-and-sandro-mezzadra-refugeecrisis-or-crisis-of-european-migration-policies/.

Benli, A. E. (2018). “March of Refugees: An Act of Civil Disobedience.†Journal of Global Ethics, 14(3): 315-331. Doi: 10.1080/17449626.2018.1502204.

Cellini, M. (2017). “Filling the Gap of The Dublin System: A Soft Cosmopolitan Approach.†Journal of Contemporary European Research, 13(1): 944-962. Available at: https://jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/745.

Cellini, M. (2017b). “Addressing the Refugee Crisis by European Citizenship.†In Claiming Citizenship Rights in Europe, edited by D. Archibugi and A. E. Benli, 27-46. London, Routledge.

De Guttry, A., Capone F., and Sommario E. (2018). “Dealing with Migrants in the Central Mediterranean Route: A Legal Analysis of Recent Bilateral Agreements Between Italy and Libya.†International Migration, 56(3): 44-60. Doi: 10.1111/imig.12401.

Euractive. (2015). “Asylum Systems in Europe Remain Disparate.†Euractive.com plc [online]. Available at: http://www.euractiv.com/sections/justice-home-affairs/asylum-systems-europe-remaindisparate-317822.

EuroAlternatives. (2015). “Chart of Lampedusa.†European Alternatives [online]. Available at: https://euroalter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Carta-di-Lampedusa-impaginato-def.pdf.

European Commission. (2016). “EU-Turkey Statement: Progress Report September 2016.†European Commission [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/backgroundinformation/docs/20160928/factsheet_implementation_of_the_eu-turkey_statement_en.pdf.

European Commission. (2018b). “Western Mediterranean Route: EU Reinforces Support to Morocco.â€

European Commission [online]. Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6705_en.htm.

European Commission. (2018a). “EU-Turkey Statement: Two Years On.†European Commission [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration/20180314_eu-turkey-two-years-on_en.pdf.

European Union. (2012). “Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union.†Official Journal [online], C 326, 26/10/2012 P. 0001 - 0390. Available at:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012M%2FTXT.

Eurostat. (2018). “Asylum Applicants by Citizenship Annual Data.†Eurostat [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.

Fotopoulos, S., and M. Kaimaklioti. 2016. “Media Discourse on the Refugee Crisis: On What Have the Greek, German and British Press Focused?†European View, 15(2): 265-279. Doi: 10.1007/s12290-016-0407-5.

Frontex. (2018). “Detections of Illegal Border-Crossings Statistics.†European Border and Coast Guard Agency [online]. Available at: https://frontex.europa.eu/along-eu-borders/migratory-map/.

Guild, E. (2016). “Does the EU Need a European Migration and Protection Agency?†International Journal of Refugee Law, 28(4): 585-600. Doi: 10.1093/ijrl/eew038.

Haassner, P. (1998). “Refugees: A Special Case for Cosmopolitan Citizenship?†In Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy, edited by D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Kohler, 273-286. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press

Hatton, T. J. (2015). “Asylum Policy in the EU: The Case for Deeper Integration.†CESifo Economic Studies, 61(3â€4): 605-637. Doi: 10.1093/cesifo/ifv002.

IOM. (2017). “Fatal Journeys Volume 3: Improving Data on Missing Migrants.†International Organization for Migration Global Migration Data Analysis Centre [online]. Available at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/fatal_journeys_3_part2.pdf.

Koenig-Archibugi, M. (2004). “Explaining Government Preferences for Institutional Change in EU Foreign and Security Policy.†International Organization, 58(01): 137-174.

Merelli, A. (2017). “Like Trump in the US, Europe is Finding New Ways to Keep Refugees Out.†QUARTZ [online]. Available at: https://qz.com/904026/europe-has-a-genius-new-strategy-to-deal-withmigrants-pay-war-torn-libya-to-detain-hem/.

Nakache, D., and J. Losier. (2017). “The European Union Immigration Agreement with Libya: Out of Sight, Out of Mind?†E-International Relations [online], 25. Available at: https://www.eir.info/2017/07/25/the-european-union-immigration-agreement-with-libya-out-of-sight-out-ofmind/.

Neumayer, E. (2004). “Asylum Destination Choice: What Makes Some West European Countries More Attractive Than Others?†European Union Politics, 5(2): 155-180. Doi: 10.1177/1465116504042444.

Noll, G. (1997). “Prisoner's Dilemma in Fortress Europe: On the Prospects for Equitable Burdenâ€Sharing in the European Union.†German Yearbook of International Law, 40, 405-437.

OHCHR. (2017). “In Search of Dignity: Report on the Human Rights of Migrants at Europe's Borders.†Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/InSearchofDignityOHCHR_Report_HR_Migrants_at_Europes_Borders.pdf.

OHCHR. (2017). “Committee Against Torture Considers Report of Italy.†Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Committee against Torture [online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22399&LangID=E.

Parusel, B., and J. Schneider. (2017). “Reforming the Common European Asylum System.†Stockholm: Delmi Report [online]. Available at: www.delmi.se/upl/files/145454.pdf.

Thielemann, E. R. (2003). “European Burdenâ€Sharing and Forced Migration.†Journal of Refugee Studies, 16(3): 225-358. 10.1093/jrs/16.3.225.

Thielemann, E. R. (2004). “Why European Policy Harmonization Undermines Refugee Burdenâ€Sharing.†European Journal of Migration and Law, 6(3): 43-61. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.508.4641&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Thielemann, E. R. (2018). “Why Refugee Burdenâ€Sharing Initiatives Fail: Public Goods, Freeâ€Riding and Symbolic Solidarity in the EU.†Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1): 63-82. Doi: 10.1111/jcms.12662.

Triandafyllidou, A. (2018). “A ‘Refugee Crisis’ Unfolding: ‘Real’ Events and Their Interpretation in Media and Political Debates.†Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1-2): 198-216.

Tudisca, V., Pelliccia A., and Valente A. editors. (2019). “Imago Migrantis: Migranti alle Porte dell’Europa nell’Era dei Media.†Roma: IRPPS Monografie.

Vitiello, M. (2016). “La Crisi dei Rifugiati e il Sistema Europeo Comune di Asilo: Che Cosa non ha Funzionato? Meridiana, 86, 145-165.

UNHCR. (2018). “Population Statistics Database.†United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees [online]. Available at: http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/time_series.

Wolffhardt, A., Conte C., and Huddleston T. (2019). “The European Benchmark for Refugee Integration: A Comparative Analysis of the National Integration Evaluation Mechanism in 14 EU Countries.†Warsaw: Fundacja Instytut Spraw Publicznych.

Zaun, N. (2018). “States as Gatekeepers in EU Asylum Politics: Explaining the nonâ€Adoption of a Refugee Quota System.†Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1): 44-62. Doi: 10.1111/jcms.12663.

Downloads

Published

2019-10-29

How to Cite

Archibugi, D., Cellini, M., & Vitiello, M. (2019). Refugees in the European Union: From Emergency Alarmism to Common Management. IRPPS Working Papers, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.14600/irpps_wps.113.2019

Issue

Section

Working Papers