Rifugiati nell’Unione Europea: dall’allarmismo emergenziale alla gestione comune

Autori

  • Daniele Archibugi Istituto di Ricerca sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
  • Marco Cellini Istituto di Ricerca sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
  • Mattia Vitiello Istituto di Ricerca sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14600/irpps_wps.113.2019

Parole chiave:

Rifugiati, Richiedenti Asilo, Sistema di Dublino, Crisi Europea dei Rifugiati, Politiche Europee d’Asilo

Abstract

I flussi dei rifugiati hanno infiammato il dibattito politico europeo, dando impulso alle forze nazionalistiche in quasi tutti i paesi. Lo scopo di questo documento è dimostrare che il numero effettivo di richiedenti asilo non consente realmente di parlare di una "crisi dei rifugiati". L’articolo, tuttavia, sostiene che le attuali istituzioni e procedure dell'Unione Europea sono altamente inefficienti e insufficienti per gestire con successo i flussi e le richieste di asilo. Una politica estera europea avrebbe potuto aiutare a prevenire i flussi di rifugiati da zone di guerra come l'Afghanistan, l'Iraq, l'Eritrea, la Libia e la Siria. Tuttavia, anche le procedure basate sulla Convenzione di Dublino sono inadeguate e l’articolo fornisce alcuni suggerimenti radicali per una migliore gestione dei richiedenti asilo e dei rifugiati incentrata sulle politiche europee.

Riferimenti bibliografici

Accorinti, M., Pugliese E., and Vitiello M. (2019). “Le Politiche Migratorie in un Ambiente Ostile.†Rivista delle Politiche Sociali, 2.

AIDA (2018). “Mapping Asylum Procedures, Reception Conditions, Detention and Content of Protection in Europe.†Asylum Information Database [online]. Available at: http://www.asylumineurope.org/.

Amnesty International (2018). “The States of the World’s Human Rights.†Amnesty International [online]. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1067002018ENGLISH.PDF.

Archibugi, D. (2008). “The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy.†Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Archibugi, D., and Benli A. E. editors. (2017). “Claiming Citizenship Rights in Europe: Emerging Challenges and Political Agents.†London: Routledge.

Barutciski, M., and Suhrke A.(2001). “Lessons from the Kosovo Refugee Crisis: Innovations in Protection and Burdenâ€Sharing.†Journal of Refugee Studies, 14(2): 95-115. Doi:10.1057/97814039141495.

Bauböck, R. (2018a). “Europe’s Commitments and Failures in the Refugee Crisis.†European Political Science, 17(1): 140-150.

Bauböck, R. (2018b). “Refugee Protection and Burdenâ€Sharing in the European Union.†Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1): 141-156. Doi: 10.1111/jcms.12638.

Becker, U. (2019). “EU Asylum System – Elements, Failure and Reform Prospects.†In Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU, edited by E. Wacker, U. Becker and K. Crepaz, 37-68. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

Benhabib, S. (2005). “On the Alleged Conflict Between Democracy and International Law.†Ethics & International Affairs, 19(1): 85-100. Doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00491.x.

Bojadžijev, M., and Mezzadra S. (2015). "’Refugee Crisis’ or Crisis of European Migration Policies?†FocaalBlog series on migration and the refugee crisis [online], 12. Available at: https://www.focaalblog.com/2015/11/12/manuela-bojadzijev-and-sandro-mezzadra-refugeecrisis-or-crisis-of-european-migration-policies/.

Benli, A. E. (2018). “March of Refugees: An Act of Civil Disobedience.†Journal of Global Ethics, 14(3): 315-331. Doi: 10.1080/17449626.2018.1502204.

Cellini, M. (2017). “Filling the Gap of The Dublin System: A Soft Cosmopolitan Approach.†Journal of Contemporary European Research, 13(1): 944-962. Available at: https://jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/745.

Cellini, M. (2017b). “Addressing the Refugee Crisis by European Citizenship.†In Claiming Citizenship Rights in Europe, edited by D. Archibugi and A. E. Benli, 27-46. London, Routledge.

De Guttry, A., Capone F., and Sommario E. (2018). “Dealing with Migrants in the Central Mediterranean Route: A Legal Analysis of Recent Bilateral Agreements Between Italy and Libya.†International Migration, 56(3): 44-60. Doi: 10.1111/imig.12401.

Euractive. (2015). “Asylum Systems in Europe Remain Disparate.†Euractive.com plc [online]. Available at: http://www.euractiv.com/sections/justice-home-affairs/asylum-systems-europe-remaindisparate-317822.

EuroAlternatives. (2015). “Chart of Lampedusa.†European Alternatives [online]. Available at: https://euroalter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Carta-di-Lampedusa-impaginato-def.pdf.

European Commission. (2016). “EU-Turkey Statement: Progress Report September 2016.†European Commission [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/backgroundinformation/docs/20160928/factsheet_implementation_of_the_eu-turkey_statement_en.pdf.

European Commission. (2018b). “Western Mediterranean Route: EU Reinforces Support to Morocco.â€

European Commission [online]. Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6705_en.htm.

European Commission. (2018a). “EU-Turkey Statement: Two Years On.†European Commission [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration/20180314_eu-turkey-two-years-on_en.pdf.

European Union. (2012). “Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union.†Official Journal [online], C 326, 26/10/2012 P. 0001 - 0390. Available at:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012M%2FTXT.

Eurostat. (2018). “Asylum Applicants by Citizenship Annual Data.†Eurostat [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.

Fotopoulos, S., and M. Kaimaklioti. 2016. “Media Discourse on the Refugee Crisis: On What Have the Greek, German and British Press Focused?†European View, 15(2): 265-279. Doi: 10.1007/s12290-016-0407-5.

Frontex. (2018). “Detections of Illegal Border-Crossings Statistics.†European Border and Coast Guard Agency [online]. Available at: https://frontex.europa.eu/along-eu-borders/migratory-map/.

Guild, E. (2016). “Does the EU Need a European Migration and Protection Agency?†International Journal of Refugee Law, 28(4): 585-600. Doi: 10.1093/ijrl/eew038.

Haassner, P. (1998). “Refugees: A Special Case for Cosmopolitan Citizenship?†In Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy, edited by D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Kohler, 273-286. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press

Hatton, T. J. (2015). “Asylum Policy in the EU: The Case for Deeper Integration.†CESifo Economic Studies, 61(3â€4): 605-637. Doi: 10.1093/cesifo/ifv002.

IOM. (2017). “Fatal Journeys Volume 3: Improving Data on Missing Migrants.†International Organization for Migration Global Migration Data Analysis Centre [online]. Available at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/fatal_journeys_3_part2.pdf.

Koenig-Archibugi, M. (2004). “Explaining Government Preferences for Institutional Change in EU Foreign and Security Policy.†International Organization, 58(01): 137-174.

Merelli, A. (2017). “Like Trump in the US, Europe is Finding New Ways to Keep Refugees Out.†QUARTZ [online]. Available at: https://qz.com/904026/europe-has-a-genius-new-strategy-to-deal-withmigrants-pay-war-torn-libya-to-detain-hem/.

Nakache, D., and J. Losier. (2017). “The European Union Immigration Agreement with Libya: Out of Sight, Out of Mind?†E-International Relations [online], 25. Available at: https://www.eir.info/2017/07/25/the-european-union-immigration-agreement-with-libya-out-of-sight-out-ofmind/.

Neumayer, E. (2004). “Asylum Destination Choice: What Makes Some West European Countries More Attractive Than Others?†European Union Politics, 5(2): 155-180. Doi: 10.1177/1465116504042444.

Noll, G. (1997). “Prisoner's Dilemma in Fortress Europe: On the Prospects for Equitable Burdenâ€Sharing in the European Union.†German Yearbook of International Law, 40, 405-437.

OHCHR. (2017). “In Search of Dignity: Report on the Human Rights of Migrants at Europe's Borders.†Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/InSearchofDignityOHCHR_Report_HR_Migrants_at_Europes_Borders.pdf.

OHCHR. (2017). “Committee Against Torture Considers Report of Italy.†Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Committee against Torture [online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22399&LangID=E.

Parusel, B., and J. Schneider. (2017). “Reforming the Common European Asylum System.†Stockholm: Delmi Report [online]. Available at: www.delmi.se/upl/files/145454.pdf.

Thielemann, E. R. (2003). “European Burdenâ€Sharing and Forced Migration.†Journal of Refugee Studies, 16(3): 225-358. 10.1093/jrs/16.3.225.

Thielemann, E. R. (2004). “Why European Policy Harmonization Undermines Refugee Burdenâ€Sharing.†European Journal of Migration and Law, 6(3): 43-61. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.508.4641&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Thielemann, E. R. (2018). “Why Refugee Burdenâ€Sharing Initiatives Fail: Public Goods, Freeâ€Riding and Symbolic Solidarity in the EU.†Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1): 63-82. Doi: 10.1111/jcms.12662.

Triandafyllidou, A. (2018). “A ‘Refugee Crisis’ Unfolding: ‘Real’ Events and Their Interpretation in Media and Political Debates.†Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1-2): 198-216.

Tudisca, V., Pelliccia A., and Valente A. editors. (2019). “Imago Migrantis: Migranti alle Porte dell’Europa nell’Era dei Media.†Roma: IRPPS Monografie.

Vitiello, M. (2016). “La Crisi dei Rifugiati e il Sistema Europeo Comune di Asilo: Che Cosa non ha Funzionato? Meridiana, 86, 145-165.

UNHCR. (2018). “Population Statistics Database.†United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees [online]. Available at: http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/time_series.

Wolffhardt, A., Conte C., and Huddleston T. (2019). “The European Benchmark for Refugee Integration: A Comparative Analysis of the National Integration Evaluation Mechanism in 14 EU Countries.†Warsaw: Fundacja Instytut Spraw Publicznych.

Zaun, N. (2018). “States as Gatekeepers in EU Asylum Politics: Explaining the nonâ€Adoption of a Refugee Quota System.†Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1): 44-62. Doi: 10.1111/jcms.12663.

##submission.downloads##

Pubblicato

2019-10-29

Come citare

Archibugi, D., Cellini, M., & Vitiello, M. (2019). Rifugiati nell’Unione Europea: dall’allarmismo emergenziale alla gestione comune. IRPPS Working Papers, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.14600/irpps_wps.113.2019

Fascicolo

Sezione

Working Papers